Dela Press Conference Series: Humanities and Social Sciences

Psychological characteristics of families of juvenile offenders

Tatyana Maltseva — 2022-07-24

Offenses committed by minors constitute a danger to society, as they threaten its future prosperous development. The purpose of the research is to study the psychological characteristics of a family of a juvenile offender, influencing the formation of personality. The hypothesis consists in the assumption that the psychological characteristics of family social space are the conditions for the involvement of minors in delinquency. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the psychological characteristics of the family of minors with delinquent behavior were studied. Research methods used in the work include psychological analysis of documents – materials of cases of administrative offenses. The materials of 300 cases of administrative offenses, initiated under the articles of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation against minors and their parents, were studied by the authors. The conducted psychological analysis of the objective characteristics of juvenile offenders and their families according to the protocols on administrative offenses, made it possible to draw up their approximate profile. Thus, regarding minors with delinquent behavior, the authors note that these are most often males at the age of 17, schoolchildren. In most cases, they come from two-parent families with 2-3 children, in which most often parents have formal or informal employment, but abuse alcohol. The level of the financial situation of the family directly affects the quality of education, health and harmonious physical and aesthetic development of minors, however, the material potential is not a guarantee of absolute success.

Boot metaphor in the child’s post-traumatic discourse of terrorism

Anna Smirnova — 2022-07-24

The study focuses on the problem of metaphorical conceptualization of emotions by means of the boot metaphor. The analysis is based on the book of J.S. Foer “Extremely loud and incredibly close”. The paper examines the social and cultural context that shapes the interpretation of shoes in general and helps verbalize the post-traumatic discourse of terrorism by using the boot metaphor. The study comments on the metaphorical repertoire of J.S Foer. The methodology includes a descriptive method and a continuous sampling method. The author concludes that the boot metaphor is productive in terms of describing various emotional states within the novel “Extremely loud and incredibly close”. Such boot metaphors are frequently used to describe negative feelings. Research implications lie in enriching the knowledge about the author’s unconventional metaphors for describing emotional state. The findings may be used in the study of the intercultural communication, in the course text theory and the theory of cognitive metaphor.

The phenomenon of child heroism as counteraction to extremism in safe childhood developments

Vera Abramenkova — 2022-07-24

The article is focused on the analysis of the phenomenon of child heroism in history and today as a primary prevention of countering extremism in a child and adolescent environment in the context of security. The paper presents the results of a study of the ideas of pre-school children about heroism and the hero. Problems are identified with examples of real heroes in the preschoolers’ minds, recommendations for the use of the educational potential of heroism still poorly used in educational institutions are proposed. At the same time, it is it which can resist the negative forms of attitudes towards violence and aggressive behaviour. The heroic deeds of our today’s children are considered; the large number of them makes it possible for us to assert that heroism is not only a phenomenon of the past but is typical of the children of contemporary Russia. The work substantiates the psychological and social meanings of a child’s feat in a special paradoxical property, the strength of a child, bodily, psychological, spiritual as his/her own resource of vitality, the ability to cope with psycho-traumatic, stressful negative attacks from the outside and the ability to provide protection to himself/herself and those who need it to a certain extent. In the safe childhood development concept, the concept of ‘child strength’ refers to the category of fundamental concepts that characterise the degree of readiness of children of different ages to overcome extremal situations, including an adequate response to external threats, including in the moral sphere. The overall result of the safe development of childhood is a psychologically, spiritually and morally healthy person capable of resistance and self-defence against all sort of threats.

On the need to develop a unified terminological approach to the concept of ‘extremism’

Aleksander Svetlichny — 2022-07-24

The article deals with the issues of understanding the term ‘extremism’. The research results showing that in society (among both ordinary citizens and representatives of law enforcement agencies), despite the existing bias against extremism, there is no clear understanding of the meaning of this term are presented. Consideration of extremism without taking into account the meaning and context of the term itself leads to a narrow understanding of the phenomenon and its consequences. This has led to extremism being described in such terms as ‘terrorism’ and ‘radicalisation’ or ‘polarisation’, which require responses (such as counter-terrorism measures and military action) from governments to combat this form of extremism. In our opinion, this approach is not entirely correct and, in some cases, can lead to negative consequences, since the problem of extremism has rather deep roots and an understanding of the social and psychological origins of this phenomenon is required for its effective solution. An analysis of its context provides additional insight into possible solutions to combat extremism. This may prompt governments to take action to ensure a more sustainable approach to countering extremism.

East-West: legal practice of countering financial “terrorism” by states

Galina Petrova — 2022-07-24

The article deals with topical financial-legal, criminal-legal, international legal problems of countering financial "terrorism" in Western countries and the states of the Eurasian space. The scientific approaches of scientists on the legal qualification of concepts related to countering: "financing of terrorism", "organized crime in the financial sector as financial terrorism", "information and financial terrorism", "terrorism in the financial markets" are analyzed. The author considers legal measures to counter financial "terrorism" as measures to enforce international and domestic responsibility of organized criminal groups and individuals for committing transnational financial crimes, fraudulent, corrupt and other deliberate socially dangerous acts in the financial sector. In international practice, there is no clear legal definition of organized transnational financial crime in the context of its understanding as financial "terrorism". However, financial "terrorism" is manifested in the forcible involvement of participants in banking, payment, and currency systems in illegal financial transactions. Practical approaches to the application of measures of international responsibility for acts of financial "terrorism" look like international UN measures to counter illegal operations of manipulating financial resources, markets, systems for the purpose of illicit enrichment, financing of terrorism, which caused damage and destabilization of the banking and financial systems of states, crisis phenomena in world and national markets. Financial "terrorism" is prevented both by international, criminal, administrative legal measures of coercion and preventive measures of "soft" coercion to responsible behavior in financial markets.

On shaping the constitutional principles and understanding the nature of their effectiveness in the legal life of society

Vasily Trofimov — 2022-07-24

The theory of shaping the constitutional principles as the leading principles of law in a multi-level pyramid of legal forms (in fact, the theory of the legal form of the highest level) is set forward. The dialectical approach, the method of rising from the abstract to the concrete in understanding the regular law formation processes, the theory of factors, the theory of law formation, the critical reflection method, comparative analysis, systemic and sociological-legal approaches were used as the methodological foundations of the research. Two main groups of approaches to understanding the nature of the principles of constitutional law, namely subjective-right-positivist and objective-social ones, are presented. The subjective-legal positivist approach to the problem of the emergence of the principles of law in general and the principles of constitutional law, in particular, is critically assessed. It is noted that the objective-social approach to understanding the nature of the principles of law is more true; it allows to answer the question of the unconditional effectiveness of constitutional principles in the legal life of society, despite changing market circumstances in politics, economics etc. It is argued that shaping the constitutional principles is based on the most powerful and fundamental factors in the development of social and legal life. Some examples with the principles of the priority of human and civil rights and freedoms, the rule of law, the concept of separation of powers etc. are given. It is concluded that the principles of law express the objective laws of social and legal life and this gives them inviolability and all-time practical significance.

Resilience of the Constitutional Phenomena to Social Threats (the United Kingdom case)

Svetlana Kodaneva — 2022-07-24

A noticeable trend in constitutional law in recent years has been a broad interpretation that allows referring to the subject of constitutional law, in addition to the provisions enshrined in the written constitution, also the sources of international and common law. This article is focused on the analysis of the risks arising from the recognition of constitutional principles formulated in various unwritten sources, such as traditions, doctrine and judicial interpretation. For this purpose, the experience of the United Kingdom is studied, a country that does not have a written constitution, and the legal system of which is based on constitutional principles enshrined in those various sources. At the same time, the Brexit process has become a clear example of a destabilising situation that has revealed internal conflicts and contradictions of the constitutional principles. The political processes, that accompanied the Brexit process and resulted in a constitutional crisis both at the horizontal (between the parliament and executive branch) and vertical (between the centre and regions) levels, are analysed. Based on the conducted study, it was concluded that the attribution to constitutional principles arising from international law and judicial practice is erroneous and is a dangerous phenomenon for the constitutional law. Consequently, a deep research into the nature of such ‘quasi-principles’ is required, revealing their place in the legal system of Russia, taking into account the hierarchy of principles, in which the principles arising from unwritten sources and international law should not be placed on the same level with constitutional principles directly enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Principles of equality and justice as absolute values of Russian constitutionalism

Ravia Stepanenko — 2022-07-24

The article considers common legal principals of equality and justice whose significance is increasing in the conditions of uncertainty and instability of the modern public order. Negativism of differentiation processes and increased social inequality studied by the legal science draws the attention of researchers to the cognition of constitutionalism ideas that can be used (as the authors believe) to overcome unfavorable situations related with adherence to and protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The principles of equality and justice having absolute value in the system of value and mentality institutes must serve a basis for the methodology of rule-making and enforcement activity. The authors also highlight the need to observe succession in the doctrine and practice of constitutionalism, namely the need for support in achieving pre-revolutionary and soviet legal science. In this light, the liberal approach to the principles of equality and justice cannot take the monopoly position and must be supplemented by other ideas developed in the science. Taking into account methodological positions, the specific features of implementing the principles of equality and justice must be the subject of doctrinal researches of the theory of state and law and constitutional law in the methodological synthesis of interdisciplinary relations.

Principles of international law as source of regulating contractual relations complicated by foreign elements

Aleksey Dashin — 2022-07-24

This research is dedicated to the problem of essence and classification of international private law principles applicable to international private contracts. It studies existing doctrinal opinions towards systematization criteria of international private law principles including that in relation to other branches of law. The authors come to the conclusion on the essence and characteristics of those international private law principles that are applied to contractual relations complicated by a foreign element and that are reflected in the international practice. By subdividing the international private law principles by extent of relation to primary regulation methods (collision law and material law) and taking into account a close tie of this law branch with other branches, in particular, international public and civil law, given the goals of this research, the authors come to the conclusions that regulation of trans-border contractual relations correspond to the following principles: justice, good faith and rationality of participants of legal relations; autonomy of parties’ will; the closest tie. The substantiation of the above gives quotes of international documents widely spread as lex mercatoria – UNIDROIT principles, principles of the European contractual law, and Hauge principles of law selection as applicable to international commercial contracts.

Improving the institution of human rights and freedoms in constitutional law in Russia

Aleksey Dashin — 2022-07-24

This article discusses the prospects for further constitutional and legal reform in order to maximize the full enjoyment of human rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation. The article attempts to analyze from new positions the most problematic issues of implementing the principles of Russian constitutional law, which traditionally are the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The authors pay special attention to the analysis of the categorical framework and methodological approaches to the problem under study. The main theoretical and methodological approaches are studied, which include: dialectical, structural-functional, comparative legal and other methods. A comparative analysis of the terms “rights” and “freedoms” of man is of considerable interest, during which similar features and differences are revealed. The authors analyzed the views of leading Russian scientists. In the course of the study, the authors revealed the mechanisms and guarantees ensuring individual freedoms (economic, political, ideological and legal ones). In conclusion, the authors come to the logical conclusion that individual rights and freedoms are the most important factor characterizing modern Russian society.

Features of the formation of socio-psychological attitudes of personality among terrorists

Islam Khazhuev — 2022-07-24

The results of an experimental study of the features of the formation of socio-psychological attitudes in the motivational-need-to-required sphere using the example of a sample of respondents detained by law enforcement agencies of the Chechen Republic for committing crimes of a terrorist nature are analyzed in the article. The experiment was conducted on the basis of the Republican Psychoneurological Dispensary, where criminals detained for terrorist activities at different periods of time underwent a forensic psychiatric examination as part of investigative actions, during which their socio-psychological status was also studied. A total of 32 criminals detained for committing crimes of a terrorist nature were examined, the average age was 27 ± 5. Individuals of youthful age (average age 24±6) in the amount of 31 people were selected as a reference group for comparative analysis. An analysis of the results of the experiment showed that terrorists, compared with law-abiding citizens, have lower values for the formation of socio-psychological attitudes of the individual in the motivational-need sphere, which determines the orientation of the individual to the process, result, work, freedom and power. At the same time, in the motivational-required sphere of terrorists, despite their asocial orientation, socio-psychological attitudes towards altruism (possibly of a selective nature) and freedom prevail, while personal attitudes that determine the orientation towards selfishness and money are less formed.

Narrative analysis to the problem of information extremism in the student environment

Lida Kurbanova — 2022-07-24

The article analyzes students’ narratives by the method of focus groups on the problem of attitudes towards young women who left for Syria. The authors attempted to reconstruct the girls’ everyday discourse of “talking to a stranger on the Internet and going to Syria through interviews and focus-group communication”. In the context of narrative analysis, the authors see two levels of the problem: the micro-level – the ability to identify the degree of sensitivity to the ideology of Islamic fundamentalism through attitudes to the practical actions of specific girls who have already gone to Syria. Macro-level – “intergenerational conflict” or “intergenerational rift”. The result of intergenerational conflict in North Caucasus societies is often a religiously-extremist way of behaving to adults who do not share their “excessive immersion in Islam” to the detriment of traditional normative values. The analysis of youth narratives concerning the “departed” can also serve as an explanatory model for the response to a broader problem, namely the development of intergenerational dynamics in the context of a clash of values between the traditional culture of local societies and Islamic fundamentalism. In this two-level perspective, we see the prospect of further research into the problem of extremism in North Caucasian societies. In this article, we have designated the macro level as the “background site”. In our reconstruction of the everyday discourse of university students on the problem of “girls leaving for Syria”, we came to the following conclusions. The evaluations revealed the admissibility of sharing the spouse’s fate as an attributive understanding of marital duty within the framework of Islamic ideology. In the opinion of female students, the loneliness of girls, domestic violence, and the search for a “real man” can also serve as a possible decision for young women to communicate online with a stranger. The relevance of the problem of analyzing narratives is the need to comprehend the palette of opinions of a part of the youth audience, which is not considered to be young people in the “risk zone”.

Extremism and terrorism: problems of legislative definition and criminal law countermeasures

irina Efremova — 2022-07-24

The world community is undergoing significant changes. Along with positive development processes, there are also negative ones – extremism and terrorism. A comprehensive analysis of extremism and terrorism will make it possible to identify the problems of their legislative definition, legal regulation, criminal law counteraction and develop proposals for improvement of the current domestic legislation in this part. The research methodology is represented by the dialectical method, general scientific (logical, analysis, synthesis, systemic) and private scientific (formal legal) methods. Results of the study: it is proposed to define at the legislative level the terminology of the concepts of “extremism” and “extremist activity”, to make a legislative distinction and formalize their legal definition, as well as the legal definition of crimes of a terrorist nature (the latter should be defined in the footnote to Article 2054 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, indicating the list specific criminal encroachments, adding this definition to the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated July 28, 2011 No. 11); to separate the term “terrorism” from the term “extremist activity”. Conclusions: to distinguish the concept of extremism from extremist activity by amending specific regulatory legal acts and by-laws, to Formulate the concept of “extremism”, “crimes of a terrorist nature”. The novelty of the study is due to the non-trivial approach of the authors, which combines the innovations of domestic and foreign criminal law doctrine into a single complex to achieve the goal.

On the issue of criminal responsibility for crimes of extremist nature among youth

Inna Kondrakova — 2022-07-24

Changes that took place at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries made extremism a global problem. The scale and nature of the extremist movements of our time indicate that the problem under consideration has turned from a private human into a general social one, and has reached the world level. At present, the issues of extremism occupy one of the key places. The ideology of extremism has a destructive effect on the future of our country, thereby undermining the territorial unity and political balance of the Russian Federation. As a result, the ideology formed among young people not only distorts the worldview, but also affects the consciousness, turns the young generation into a “time bomb”, the purpose of which is to destroy the established social order. It should be noted that the state policy of the Russian Federation is primarily aimed at identifying cases of extremism, and not at all on preventive measures to combat it, which is a huge disadvantage in working with the younger generation. Despite the difficulties in considering this issue, judicial practice demonstrates a fairly large number of examples of bringing young people to criminal responsibility for crimes of an extremist nature.

Russian experience in the implementation of the provisions of international legislation on criminal responsibility for an act of international terrorism

Aleksander Brilliantov — 2022-07-24

This work aims to address the completeness and comprehensiveness of implementing the provisions of international law on criminal responsibility for an international terrorism act. The work used the method of dialectical knowledge, the comparative-legal method, the method of analysis of legal documents, and the synthesis of scientific data. The findings of the work are scientific data on the completeness and comprehensiveness of the implementation of the provisions of international legislation on criminal responsibility for an international terrorism act. The Russian experience in implementing the provisions of international legislation on criminal responsibility for an international terrorism act is comprehensive and complete, although it is debatable. The legislation considers both the criminal responsibility for committing an international terrorism act and its financing. Peculiarities of criminal responsibility and punishment for an international terrorism act are indicated that this crime is the most dangerous of those prohibited by the national legislation of the Russian Federation.

Technical means of Russian customs control – international terrorism counteraction tool

Ekaterina Abasheva — 2022-07-24

In the article, through the prism of basic principles of state policy of modern Russian state in combating terrorist and extremist manifestations, technical means of control used by customs authorities as prevention and counteraction to terrorism and extremism in the territory of the Russian Federation are revealed. The role and importance of technical means of customs control, their diversity depending on the search methods used, where special attention is paid to technical means of detecting explosive devices, explosives, and explosive objects, are shown based on the regulatory framework. The authors conclude that the customs service of Russia, being one of the largest in the world, along with the many tasks of national importance set to prevent the growth of violations in the field of customs legislation, solves such a national problem, as countering terrorist and extremist activities of the criminal world, which is largely facilitated by modern technical means of customs control.

Legal mechanisms for countering the financing of terrorism

Ruslan Kochkarov — 2022-07-24

The financing of terrorism, as an illegal criminal act, was first proposed at the international level in the United Nations Declaration of 1994. The idea was further developed in United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1373 adopted in 2001. This document obliged all member states of the UN Security Council to introduce into their criminal legislation norms governing prosecution for activities related to the provision or collection of funds to finance terrorism. This study aims to analyze the corpus delicti of terrorist financing and investigate the need to introduce this article into the legislation of the Russian Federation. Modern times are characterized by the high growth of terrorist crimes, involvement in terrorist groups, and financing this criminal activity. The problem of combating terrorism is international. Countering this phenomenon and strengthening international cooperation to maintain the rule of law and legal order has been relevant for the past few decades. The authors of the research work consider the obligations of the Russian Federation arising from the requirements of the international community and the international legal framework. International cooperation allowed to establish the official recognition of the financing of terrorism at the legislative level as criminal and punishable.

President of the Russian Federation in the national security system

Oksana Grechenkova — 2022-07-24

The article examines the role of the President of the Russian Federation in the national security system. The author analyzed the current legislation, determined the system for ensuring national security; analyzed the powers of the President in the field of ensuring national security; to propose ways of solving possible problems of national security. It is concluded that an effective system of “checks and balances” in the constitutional model of the separation of powers largely determines the internal stability in the state. Attention is drawn to the fact that the proposed amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation may lead to an increase in presidential power in the country and a shift in the levers in the system of checks and balances towards the head of state, when, at the moment, his influence on the branches of state power is great.

Psychological aspects of the anti-terrorist consciousness development among young people

Yulia Akimova — 2022-07-24

In the introduction to the article, the authors justify the relevance of the anti terrorist consciousness development among the young people in modern realities, formulate the purpose and hypothesis of the research and identify key problems. The research methodology is based on the totality and interrelation of theoretical, empirical and methodological levels of cognition. The discourse, the results of the research are presented in the form of theoretical and empirical data by addressing the problems identified in the article. The key substantive unit of the discussion is the development of recommendations for the anti-terrorist consciousness development among the younger generation. The latter should be based on the factors influencing psychological personality traits, specific features of the socially significant values and behaviors models, the creation of socially valuable reference groups, reference orientations, the involvement of polymorphic socially approved reference personalities in the young people consciousness development and interacting with families. In conclusion, the authors summarize the results of the research.

Pressing challenge of countering the extremist ideology

Vadim Ukrainski — 2022-07-24

This article is focused on addressing the issues of countering the extremist ideology. At present, the activation of extremist and terrorist sentiments is a real threat to the national security of the Russian Federation. In this context, it is necessary to consolidate the entire civil society in order to effectively counter these phenomena. Against this background, one of the key areas in the fight against terrorist and extremist manifestations is their prevention among students and youth. The problem of countering extremism is a challenging and relevant task, which consists in the continuous interaction and coordination of the efforts of state authorities, law enforcement agencies and various types of public organisations to combat those phenomena. This research identified and substantiated the need for a systematic understanding of the essence and content of the social nature of this problem, trends and forms of manifestation, as well as counteraction and prevention methods. For a long time, the need to combat extremism and its extreme forms of terrorist acts, including those at the international level, as representing a real threat to the national security of the Russian Federation, has been relevant for the Russian state, especially its law enforcement agencies. It is one of the main issues to combat terrorism and extremism in Russia due to the fact that it is the responsibility of the state to observe and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

The study results of would-be teachers’ readiness to form school-goers’ anti-terrorist consciousness

Olga Voskrekasenko — 2022-07-24

The study of the anti-terrorist consciousness development of young people as one of the options for solving the problem of countering their involvement in violent extremism is what has invoked the theme of the problem of would-be teachers’ readiness to form school-goers’ anti-terrorist consciousness. This is what has defined the objective of the study. The methods of achieving the objective were the analysis and generalization of some scientific literature, as well as the results of a students’ survey (“Pedagogical Education” training program). The analysis of scientific literature made it possible to identify and characterize the components of forming school-goers’ anti-terrorist consciousness including motivational, cognitive, and activity components. Due to the identified components, a questionnaire was developed as a tool for diagnosing would-be teachers’ readiness to solve the problem of forming school-goers’ anti-terrorist consciousness. The results of the study showed a high conviction of would-be teachers’ in the necessity and importance of this sphere of educational activity with school-goers because of the insufficient formation of the system of knowledge, skills, and abilities of its practical realization. It determines the necessity to improve their professional training. The novelty of the study lies in the identification and meaningful characteristics of various components of would-be teachers’ readiness for forming school-goers’ anti-terrorist consciousness.

The role of the sense of nationhood and political participation in shaping anti-terrorist attitudes among the youth of the North Caucasus

Evgenii Avdeev — 2022-07-24

The article reveals the state, dynamics and focus of political activity and civic participation of young people as one of the foundations for the formation of anti-terrorist attitudes. Young people have a high potential for socio-political activity and a demand for change. The ethnopolitical specificity of the North Caucasus increases the risks of its protest and conflict mobilisation. The authors analyse the 2019, 2020 and 2021 survey data from among students of leading universities of the North Caucasus. According to the research results, significant differences in the degree of readiness for various forms of political activity and civic participation depending on ethnic and confessional affiliation were discovered. Among the young people with the most pronounced attitudes towards political activity and civic participation are young people who can be characterised by low religious commitment and traditionalism, as well as pronounced individualistic attitudes. Most of the respondents are willing to vote in elections and participate in the activities of volunteer organisations. Over the past three years, the influence of the leading media and educational system on shaping the political views of young people has significantly decreased, while the influence of the blogosphere and social networks remains steadily high. The growth of individualistic attitudes is a long-term trend that has effect on the socio-political processes in the region.

Schoolshooting as a modern form of terrorism in the educational environment

Lyudmila Spector — 2022-07-24

Armed attacks by a student or an outsider the attacks on students and teachers inside the educational institution (schoolshooting), which often lead to mass killings, are becoming an urgent problem of ensuring the safety of children. The article discusses the issue of raising awareness of students, future teachers, about the causes and prevention of schoolshooting. A program is proposed that includes a number of activities aimed at raising students' awareness of the causes, prognostic signs, and prevention of mass killings ineducational organizations, as well as safe behavior in the event of anattack. The article deals with the issues of crime prevention in the educational environment, examines the normative legal acts adopted by various state authorities. The article examines the feasibility of supplementing the Criminal Code with a new article providing for liability for schoolshooting. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the fact that aggression and violence among young people, in particular, schoolshooting, are becoming more and more active in the modern world, and armed attacks in schools are becoming a frequent phenomenon.

Implementation of the principle of equality through the prism of sectoral law

Lyudmila Spector — 2022-07-24

The equality of citizens before the law and the courts is the basis of any state governed by the rule of law and ensures the protection of every person from discrimination on various grounds. Author analyzes sectoral legislation, comparing understanding of equality. On the basis of the conducted research, the author formulated conclusions. The principles - as the fundamental principles, being the foundation of any branch of law, are of great theoretical interest, and the study of their essence within the framework of criminal law is of significant practical importance, since the principles are subject to mandatory application, both in lawmaking and law enforcement. Moreover, the principles of criminal law are the basis for defining its objectives and goals. Ideally, the criminal law policy of the state as a whole, as well as all individual changes made to the criminal law, should be based on the principles proclaimed by it. Unlike most of the norms of the criminal code of the Russian Federation, which have undergone numerous changes, the principles of criminal law are stable. Since the adoption of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, they have never been corrected, which allows us to speak of a clear certainty and stability of the basic concept of criminal law, despite its variability in matters of criminality and the punishability of certain acts and other institutions.

Prevention of extremist behavior in educational institutions: psychological and legal problems

Artem Ivanchin — 2022-07-24

The purpose of this particular study is to search for methods aimed at preventing extremist behavior in educational and other organizations. An interdisciplinary approach was used in this work, as well as methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and classification, psychodiagnostic methods. As a result, a package of methods has been proposed in order to identify the propensity for extremist activity among students and university staff. Among them there are the following ones: the Methodology for diagnosing the dispositions of violent extremism, the Methodology for identifying the “Bullying Structure”, the Bass-Darki Aggressiveness Questionnaire, Destructive Communicative attitudes, Socio-psychological adaptation. Their capabilities and limitations have been also described. The proposals for improving labor legislation are substantiated and put forward, including an instruction legalizing the use of psychological techniques in Article 70 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). It is concluded that the use of these techniques in relation to employees is permissible only if they diagnose their business qualities. As for the students, in relation to them, the use of the considered package of methods is permissible only on a voluntary basis. Any comprehensive studies of this kind at the intersection of law and psychology in the field of countering extremism in the higher education system in our country have not been conducted.

Foreign students at Russian universities: intercultural interaction as a basis for countering extremism

Ekaterina Belikova — 2022-07-24

The paper raises an actual issue of the mechanisms for foreign students’ socio-cultural adaptation in modern conditions of education in the Russian Federation, as a measure to counter extremism. The authors analyze the results of their own sociological research conducted among foreign students of Volgograd State University. Based on the data obtained, the authors came to the conclusion that properly developed mechanisms of foreign students’ socio-cultural adaptation to new living conditions positively affects the quality and quantity of students’ knowledge, skills and abilities. Moreover, integration of foreign and Russian students is essential, but the emphasis in educational field should take into the account foreign students’ socio-cultural specifics. A student can show high rates of entry into the proposed socio-cultural environment, acceptance of attitudes, values, norms of the host country. In order to conduct a competent policy of intercultural interaction, it is necessary to create a clear program for the prevention of interethnic conflicts and extremism among students.

Islamic pedagogy methods in shaping the anti-terrorist consciousness among youth

Natalya Sedykh — 2022-07-24

The article presents the results of a review and analytical case – a study aimed at addressing relevant objectives in connection with the need to improve the effectiveness of methods for preventive anti-terrorist work with youth. The authors refer to the Islamic pedagogy methods, which have a high practical value in promoting the spiritual and moral sphere of an individual. This is due to the fact that the purpose of knowledge in the Islamic educational system is to shape a respectable personality. Therefore, for thousands of years, teachers of Muslim educational establishments have been implementing the principle of the unity of education and training. The article discusses the traditional methods of Islamic pedagogy, promising in terms of solving urgent problems, that relate to moulding the anti-terrorist consciousness of young people, as well as innovative methods that correspond to the goals of Islamic pedagogy and have practical value in the development of preventive measures and a general system of spiritual and moral education for digital generation representatives. In this regard, characterised are some active learning methods aimed at the internalisation of moral values and the creation of models of social thinking and behaviour that exclude involvement in any destructive activities. In the end, conclusions are drawn and prospects for further applied research are outlined in order to develop mechanisms for the transmission of spiritual values in the context of global digitalisation taking into account the new generation characteristics.

Methodological problems of countering terrorism: a theoretical-legal aspect

Raviya Stepanenko — 2022-07-24

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological problems of studying terrorism and the system of measures to counter it. Traditional methodological approaches have remained the important ways of organizing legal knowledge; they do not fully provide a comprehensive, integrated and systematic analysis of the extremely destructive manifestations of terrorism. Taking into account the implicitness of the methodology of positivist jurisprudence, which assigns a dominant role to the legislative sphere in the prevention of offenses, including crimes, the authors substantiate a synergetic approach. The latter, defining social systems as open rather than closed formations, contributes to a significant expansion of ideas about the negative impact of many factors (political, economic, socio-cultural ones, etc.) on the formation and development of terrorist ideas, views, goals and ways of their implementation. Russian and foreign legislation also notes a multifactorial set of reasons that contribute to the spread of ideology and the transformation of terrorist views and ideas in different states. The interdisciplinarity of synergetics, which studies the phenomenon (system) under consideration, should contribute to the development of a unified scientific view of the nature and essence of terrorism, which is necessary to improve rule-making and law enforcement in matters of global counterterrorism.

On the content of the concept of “criminological situation”

Marina Kaluzhina — 2022-07-24

The article considers the content of the concept of “criminological situation” in the criminological aspect, determines its structure. The differentiation of the concept of “criminological situation” with related concepts used in the special literature is given. The concept of criminological situation is proposed, taking into account its division into the main constituent elements, the mechanism of interaction between phenomena and the result of this interaction is shown. The main features of a criminological situation are determined, these features are defined by common regular connections and dependencies between the phenomena of social development and crime at the levels of the development of the social environment, the formation of the system of social relations, the state and development of social processes management. Considering a criminological situation as a dynamic category, the authors determined the affecting criminogenic, anti-criminogenic or functional factors. It is concluded that their in-depth study and analysis create favorable conditions for generating organizational-tactical decisions, taking into account the real possibilities of society and the state in combating crime, determining the main directions, strategies. Innovative methods for studying, analyzing and assessing a criminological situation, as well as the ways, forms of combating crime are considered. A critical judgment is made about why some developments and recommendations proposed by specialists, despite the high scientific-technical level, do not bring the desired effect in practice. It is concluded that a criminological situation acts as a social reality, an objectively given phenomenon, and therefore its assessment should be the same for all institutions of the state and society.

The legal mechanisms to counter terrorism: the international legal aspect

Oksana Morozova — 2022-07-24

The article analyzes the content and meaning of the concept of international terrorism, as well as the functions of states to ensure the security and effectiveness of counter-terrorism. The study is based on the development of legal mechanisms to prevent terrorism through international law. In recent years, we have seen an international threat to state sovereignty by acts of international terrorism. The political structure and power methods of some states operate in such a way that all counteraction to international terrorism is reduced to minimization. Any civilized society cannot exist without legal support and protection of its citizens. A special task of the state in the field of international terrorism, appears to be the sustainable regulation of relations in modern society, in search of cooperation and compromise in solving global and regional problems, the effective operation of international legal acts. An analysis of doctrinal and normative sources has shown that the causes of modern terrorism lie in both the contradictions between states in defining the term "international terrorism" and the means of preventing terrorism. The findings on the nature of international terrorism suggest that legal mechanisms to counter international terrorism must be adopted in compliance with the doctrine of the rule of law and respect for the protection of citizens' rights, as well as the provisions of international law. Offers the author's answer to the research question on the legal mechanism and causes of ineffective counteraction to international terrorism. The goal of the modern state is to ensure the fullest realization of the rights of citizens against terrorism, by providing at the state and international level ways to ensure and protect them. Problems of international terrorism are addressed in both scientific and academic literature.

Insurance as a way of protection against terrorist risks

Tatiana Batrova — 2022-07-24

The risks of property losses caused by terrorist activities have not been isolated by insurers for a very long time. The situation has changed dramatically due to the events of September 11, 2001, which demonstrated the need to form a new approach to solving the problem of insurance coverage of damage caused by terrorist attacks. Accordingly, the purpose of this particular study was to determine the optimal model of insurance against terrorist risks. Therefore, several approaches, based on the analysis of Russian and foreign legislation, to solving this problem have been identified. At the same time, reinsurance has become a common mechanism aimed at protecting the interests of insurers, which in most cases is carried out with the participation of the state. However, state resources are formed for these purposes and are used in such cases in different ways. The targeted use of funds is ensured through the use of special funds, the funds of which in some states (France, Israel) are formed at the expense of targeted tax deductions. In addition, differences can be traced in the scope and procedure of State participation in covering the damage caused. In some countries (for example, in Belgium), this obligation arises only if the problem cannot be solved through a reinsurance system.

On approaches to the implementation of legal mechanisms ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens to protect dignity and their guarantees

Maria Rosenko — 2022-07-24

According to the results of the study, the main problematic issues of the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens to protect honor and dignity are highlighted, the main methods of violence that are unacceptable for use in general are highlighted, including those associated with criminal acts (suspects, convicts, prisoners), as well as those not related to criminal acts (falsely accused (falsification of evidence) or provoked (throwing prohibited items), etc.). It is noted that cases of intentional pressure on a person in order to humiliate, suppress or achieve some information or behavior can be qualified as violence. As a result of such actions, life-threatening psychosomatic symptoms may occur, caused by the high stress of the situation, and the mental state of the detainee, the defendant, the defendant, does not allow him to adequately defend himself. The problems of the application of procedural measures by judicial bodies, bodies of inquiry, associated with the restriction of the constitutional rights and freedoms of participants in criminal proceedings are considered. According to the results, it is concluded that the issue of legal regulation and the practice of applying the law require further study in order to develop recommendations for the development of civil society, improving
the human rights institution, the institute of inquiry, judicial bodies, including improving the legal norms governing it. Improvement mechanisms are proposed, including organizational and legal ones.

The geopolitical cosmology of the greater eurasian space

Pavel Karabushenko — 2022-07-24

The geopolitical dimension of the Eurasian space involves the creating process of various architectural models of its world order based on different algorithms of behavior. The most figurative representation of this geopolitical geometry is presented by cosmological models describing not just the alignment of forces in the international scene, but also the motives and purposes of leading players’ behavior and the role of obvious and clear outsiders in this process. These constructions are based on different perceptions and understandings of national interests and values of specific political elites and their leaders, who create a vision of the future by means of this strategic planning. In geopolitics, visions of the future are doctrinal, declarative and embellishing in nature and they are also programmatic concepts of political elites and their leaders striving to express themselves outside their national state. These visions sometimes are mythological in nature, out of synch with reality and resemble utopian social projects. There is more destructive than constructive in such projects. It is crucial to quickly separate the myth (utopia) from reality for modeling geopolitical cosmology, to give a fact-based analysis of current trends, and not to go into the world of endless political fantasies. There are dozens of failed constructions for one successful project. The geopolitical cosmology of the Greater Eurasian Space is no exception here.

The international north-south transport corridor: history, modernity, prospects

Konstantin Markelov — 2022-07-24

Since ancient times, the trade route "from the Varangians to the Persians" and on to India was used by caravans of merchants from all over the multifaceted Eurasia. This route also served as a means of cultural and religious exchange, spreading knowledge and everyday habits. The history of this issue shows that the political and economic elites who initiated diplomatic and trade missions were primarily interested in developing and optimizing trade. The current drive to revive this route in the form of the International North-South Transport Corridor (ITC) is designed to bring integration processes to a higher geopolitical and geo-economic level. The paper analyzes the current status of the project, contains proposals for its optimization and expresses confidence that its implementation will enhance the integration of the Eurasian continent and increase its security.

Threats and challenges to the collective security of eurasia (on the example of the geopolitical cosmology of the south caucasus)

Pavel Karabushenko — 2022-07-24

The modern world is facing numerous challenges and threats posed by the political realities of international relations.The instability of
them leads to the destruction of the geopolitical world view, which needs constant clarification and adjustment. Geopolitical cosmology, which is engaged in creating a realistic picture of international relations, will help us to give an objective assessment of current international events. The geopolitical analysis of the Eurasian space, where there are always many different kinds of contradictions, threats and conflicts, is of particular interest in this regard. This region has the richest historical traditions, and a modern assessment of the objective political reality is impossible without taking them into account. The authors used a comprehensive
methodological approach, which allows give full consideration to the dynamics of international events and constantly changing geopolitical strategies. The main goal of this study is to analyze the conflicts constantly occurring in this region, which are evidence of the confrontation between the leading powers defending their national interests here. It is in Eurasia that the world "weather" of international relations is formed. It is here the national interests of many leading countries that have nothing to do with this region, but strive to demonstrate their importance, collide. And the countries of this region itself must learn to defend, independently or jointly, their national interests, ensure their security and peacefully resolve urgent conflict situations.

The concept of Greater Eurasia and geopolitics

Pavel Karabushenko — 2022-07-24

In modern international relations, the emphasis of dominance is beginning to shift more and more from the Western part of the political map of the world to the East. Countries that were previously in colonial dependence on the West (China, India) are beginning to challenge international leadership. Against this background, at the beginning of the XXI century, the concept of Greater Eurasia began to take shape and gradually develop, as a desire to acquire subjectivity and an attempt to establish a new hierarchy of geopolitical leadership. Geopolitical geometry plays an important role in the analysis of these processes, which delineates the Eurasian space in accordance with the currently available geopolitical strategies of the leading world powers. And in this geometry, the Caspian region is increasingly emerging, to which the properties of the axial region of Eurasia are increasingly being attributed. The axial region means a certain space that has an increased degree of attraction (economic, cultural, political), which determines the course of history and politics. As the political history of Eurasia shows, most often significant events and vast empires (Persia, Horde, Russia, etc.) arose precisely in the area of the so-called "Caspian Gate" connecting the expanses of Europe and Asia. This work analyzes the concept of Greater Eurasia through the prism of its geopolitical assessment and the role played in its development by its axial region – the Greater Caspian region.